jaj•a•person's notes

PIE conjugation

Proto-Central IE sample conjugations

The following verb conjugations of Proto-Central IE a reproduced from Ringe as an exercise.

Note

For now, participles are omitted, since these are nominals and as such are affected by PIE declension.

h₁(é)s- ‘be’ root imperfective only, active only

1ary indic.2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.h₁ésmih₁ésṃh₁ésoh₂h₁siḗm (< h₁siéh₁m?)—
2sg.h₁ési (< h₁es-si)h₁és (< h₁és-s)h₁ésesih₁siéh₁sh₁es, h₁sdʰí
3sg.h₁éstih₁ésth₁ésetih₁siéh₁th₁éstu
1du.h₁suósh₁suéh₁ésowosh₁sih₁wé—
2du.h₁stésh₁stómh₁ésetesh₁sih₁tómh₁stóm
3du.h₁stésh₁stā́mh₁ésetesh₁sih₁tā́mh₁stā́m
1pl.h₁sṃósh₁sṃéh₁ésemosh₁sih₁mé—
2pl.h₁stéh₁stéh₁éseteh₁sih₁téh₁sté
3pl.h₁sténti1h₁sténdh₁ésontih₁sih₁éndh₁éntu

l(é)ykʷ- ‘leave behind‘ root perfective with nasal-infix imperfective (lin(é)kʷ) and reduplicated stative (lel(é/ó)ykʷ-)

Imperfective, active
1ary indic.2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.linékʷmilinékʷṃlinékʷoh₂linkʷiḗm—
2sg.linékʷsilinékʷslinékʷesilinkʷiéh₁slinékʷ, linkʷdʰí
3sg.linékʷtilinékʷtlinékʷetilinkʷiéh₁tlinékʷtu
1du.linkuóslinkuélinékʷowoslinkʷih₁wé—
2du.linkʷtéslinkʷtómlinékʷeteslinkʷih₁tómlinkʷtóm
3du.linkʷtéslinkʷtā́mlinékʷeteslinkʷih₁tā́mlinkʷtā́m
1pl.linkʷṃóslinkʷṃélinékʷomoslinkʷih₁mé—
2pl.linkʷtélinkʷtélinékʷetelinkʷih₁télinkʷté
3pl.linkʷéntilinkʷéndlinékʷontilinkʷih₁éndlinkʷéntu
Imperfective, mediopassive
1ary indic.2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.linkʷh₂áylinkʷh₂álinékʷoh₂aylinkʷih₁h₂á—
2sg.linkʷth₂áylinkʷth₂álinékʷeth₂aylinkʷih₁th₂á???
3sg.linkʷtóylinkʷtólinékʷetoylinkʷih₁tó???
1du.linkuósdʰh₂linkuédʰh₂linékʷowosdʰh₂linkʷih₁wédʰh₂—
2du.???????????????
3du.???????????????
1pl.linkʷṃósdʰh₂linkʷṃédʰh₂linékʷomosdʰh₂linkʷih₁médʰh₂???
2pl.linkʷdʰh₂uélinkʷdʰh₂uélinékʷedʰh₂uelinkʷih₁dʰh₂uélinkʷdʰh₂ué
3pl.linkʷṇtóylinkʷṇtólinékʷontoylinkʷih₁ró2???
Perfective, active
2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.léykʷṃléykʷoh₂likʷyḗm—
2sg.léykʷsléykʷesilikʷyéh₁sléykʷ, likʷdʰí
3sg.léykʷtléykʷetilikʷyéh₁tléykʷtu
1du.likwéléykʷowoslikʷih₁wé—
2du.likʷtómléykʷeteslikʷih₁tómlikʷtóm
3du.likʷtā́mléykʷeteslikʷih₁tā́mlikʷtā́m
1pl.likʷméléykʷomoslikʷih₁mé—
2pl.likʷtéléykʷetelikʷih₁télikʷté
3pl.likʷéndléykʷontilikʷih₁éndlikʷéntu
Perfective, mediopassive
2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.likʷh₂áléykʷoh₂aylikʷih₁h₂á—
2sg.likʷth₂áléykʷeth₂aylikʷih₁th₂á???
3sg.likʷtóléykʷetoylikʷih₁tó???
1du.likwédʰh₂léykʷowosdʰh₂likʷih₁wédʰh₂—
2du.????????????
3du.????????????
1pl.likʷmédʰh₂léykʷomosdʰh₂likʷih₁médʰh₂—
2pl.likʷdʰh₂uéléykʷedʰh₂uelikʷih₁dʰh₂uélikʷdh₂ué
3pl.likʷṇtóléykʷontoylikʷih₁ró???
Stative
indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.lelóykʷh₂aleléykʷoh₂lelikʷyḗm—
2sg.lelóykʷth₂aleléykʷesilelikʷyeh₁s???, lelikʷdʰí
3sg.lelóykʷeleléykʷetilelikʷyeh₁t???
1du.lelikwéleléykʷowoslelikʷih₁wé—
2du.???leléykʷeteslelikʷih₁tóm???
3du.???leléykʷeteslelikʷih₁tā́m???
1pl.lelikʷméleléykʷomoslelikʷih₁mé???
2pl.lelikʷéleléykʷetelelikʷih₁té???
3pl.lelikʷḗrleléykʷontilelikʷih₁end???

dʰ(é)h₁- ‘put’ root perfective with reduplicated athematic perfective (dʰédʰ(e)h₁-)

Imperfective, active
1ary indic.2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.dʰédʰeh₁midʰédʰēmdʰédʰeh₁oh₂dʰédʰh₁ih₁ṃ—
2sg.dʰédʰeh₁sidʰédʰeh₁sdʰédʰeh₁esidʰédʰh₁ih₁sdʰédʰeh₁, dʰédʰh₁dʰi
3sg.dʰédʰeh₁tidʰédʰeh₁tdʰédʰeh₁etidʰédʰh₁ih₁tdʰédʰeh₁tu
1du.dʰédʰh₁uosdʰédʰh₁uedʰédʰeh₁owosdʰédʰh₁ih₁we—
2du.dʰédʰh₁tesdʰédʰh₁tomdʰédʰeh₁etesdʰédʰh₁ih₁tomdʰédʰh₁tom
3du.dʰédʰh₁tesdʰédʰh₁tāmdʰédʰeh₁etesdʰédʰh₁ih₁tāmdʰédʰh₁tām
1pl.dʰédʰh₁ṃosdʰédʰh₁ṃedʰédʰeh₁omosdʰédʰh₁ih₁me—
2pl.dʰédʰh₁tedʰédʰh₁tedʰédʰeh₁etedʰédʰh₁ih₁tedʰédʰh₁te
3pl.dʰédʰh₁ṇtidʰédʰh₁ṇddʰédʰeh₁ondidʰédʰh₁ih₁enddʰédʰh₁ṇtu
Imperfective, mediopassive
1ary indic.2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.dʰédʰh₁h₂aydʰédʰh₁h₂adʰédʰeh₁oh₂aydʰédʰh₁ih₁h₂a—
2sg.dʰédʰh₁th₂aydʰédʰh₁th₂adʰédʰeh₁eth₂aydʰédʰh₁ih₁th₂a???
3sg.dʰédʰh₁toydʰédʰh₁todʰédʰeh₁etoydʰédʰh₁ih₁to???
1du.dʰédʰh₁uosdʰh₂dʰédʰh₁uedʰh₂dʰédʰeh₁owosdʰh₂dʰédʰh₁ih₁wedʰh₂—
2du.???????????????
3du.???????????????
1pl.dʰédʰh₁ṃosdʰh₂dʰédʰh₁ṃedʰh₂dʰédeh₁omosdʰh₂dʰédʰh₁ih₁medʰh₂—
2pl.dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂uedʰédʰh₁dʰh₂uedʰédeh₁edʰh₂uedʰédʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂uedʰédʰh₁dʰh₂ue
3pl.dʰédʰh₁ṇtoydʰédh₁ṇtodʰédeh₁ontoydʰédʰh₁ih₁ro???
Perfective, active
2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.dʰḗmdʰéh₁oh₂dʰh₁iḗm—
2sg.dʰéh₁sdʰéh₁esidʰh₁ieh₁sdʰéh₁, dʰh₁dʰí
3sg.dʰéh₁tdʰéh₁etidʰh₁ieh₁tdʰéh₁tu
1du.dʰh₁uédʰéh₁owosdʰh₁ih₁wé—
2du.dʰh₁tómdʰéh₁etesdʰh₁ih₁tómdʰh₁tóm
3du.dʰh₁tā́mdʰéh₁etesdʰh₁ih₁tā́mdʰh₁tā́m
1pl.dʰh₁ṃédʰéh₁omosdʰh₁ih₁mé—
2pl.dʰh₁tédʰéh₁etedʰh₁ih₁tédʰh₁té
3pl.dʰh₁énddʰéh₁ontidʰh₁ih₁énddʰh₁éntu
Perfective, mediopassive
2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.dʰh₁h₂ádʰéh₁oh₂aydʰh₁ih₁h₂á—
2sg.dʰh₁th₂ádʰéh₁eth₂aydʰh₁ih₁th₂á???
3sg.dʰh₁tódʰéh₁etoydʰh₁ih₁tó???
1du.dʰh₁uédʰh₂dʰéh₁owosdʰh₂dʰh₁ih₁wédʰh₂—
2du.????????????
3du.????????????
1pl.dʰh₁ṃédʰh₂dʰéh₁omosdʰh₂dʰh₁ih₁médʰh₂—
2pl.dʰh₁dʰh₂uédʰéh₁edʰh₂uedʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂uédʰh₁dʰh₂ué
3pl.dʰh₁ṇtódʰéh₁ontoydʰh₁ih₁ró???

bʰér- ‘carry’ simple thematic imperfective only

Imperfective, active
1ary indic.2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.bʰéroh₂bʰérombʰérōh₂bʰéroyh₁ṃ3—
2sg.bʰéresibʰéresbʰérēsibʰéroysbʰére4
3sg.bʰéretibʰéretbʰérētibʰéroytbʰéretu
1du.bʰérowosbʰérowebʰérōwosbʰéroywe—
2du.bʰéretesbʰéretombʰérētesbʰéroytombʰéretom
3du.bʰéretesbʰéretāmbʰérētesbʰéroytāmbʰéretām
1pl.bʰéromosbʰéromebʰérōmosbʰéroyme—
2pl.bʰéretebʰéretebʰérētebʰéroytebʰérete
3pl.bʰérontibʰérondbʰérōntibʰéroyh₁endbʰérontu
Imperfective, mediopassive
1ary indic.2ary indicsubjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.bʰéroh₂aybʰéroh₂abʰérōh₂aybʰéroyh₂a—
2sg.bʰéreth₂aybʰéreth₂abʰérēth₂aybʰéroyth₂a???
3sg.bʰéretoybʰéretobʰérētoybʰéroyto???
1du.bʰérowosdʰh₂bʰérowedʰh₂bʰérōwosdʰh₂bʰéroywedʰh₂—
2du.???????????????
3du.???????????????
1pl.bʰéromosdʰh₂bʰéromedʰh₂bʰérōmosdʰh₂bʰéroymedʰh₂—
2pl.bʰéredʰh₂uebʰéredʰh₂uebʰérēdʰh₂uebʰéroydʰh₂uebʰéredʰh₂ue
3pl.bʰérontoybʰérontobʰérōntoybʰéroyro???

gʷ(é)m- ‘step’ root perfective with sḱé-present (gʷṃsḱé/ó-) and reduplicated stative (gʷegʷ(é/ó)m-), active only

Imperfective, active
1ary indic.2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.gʷṃsḱóh₂gʷṃsḱómgʷṃsḱōh₂gʷṃsḱóyh₁ṃ—
2sg.gʷṃsḱésigʷṃsḱésgʷṃsḱḗsigʷṃsḱóysgʷṃsḱé
3sg.gʷṃsḱétigʷṃsḱétgʷṃsḱḗtigʷṃsḱóytgʷṃsḱétu
1du.gʷṃsḱówosgʷṃsḱówegʷṃsḱṓwosgʷṃsḱóywe—
2du.gʷṃsḱétesgʷṃsḱétomgʷṃsḱḗtesgʷṃsḱóytomgʷṃsḱétom
3du.gʷṃsḱétesgʷṃsḱétāmgʷṃsḱḗtāmgʷṃsḱóytāmgʷṃsḱétām
1pl.gʷṃsḱémosgʷṃsḱémegʷṃsḱṓmosgʷṃsḱóyme—
2pl.gʷṃsḱétegʷṃsḱétegʷṃsḱḗtegʷṃsḱóytegʷṃsḱéte
3pl.gʷṃsḱóntigʷṃsḱóndgʷṃsḱṓntigʷṃsḱóyh₁endgʷṃsḱóntu
Perfective, active
2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.gʷḗm5gʷémoh₂gʷṃyḗm—
2sg.gʷḗm6gʷémesigʷṃyéh₁sgʷém, gʷṃdʰí
3sg.gʷémdgʷémetigʷṃyéh₁tgʷémtu
1du.gʷṃwégʷémowosgʷmih₁wé—
2du.gʷṃtómgʷémetesgʷmih₁tómgʷṃtóm
3du.gʷṃtā́mgʷémetesgʷmih₁tā́mgʷṃtā́m
1pl.gʷṃmégʷémomosgʷmih₁mé—
2pl.gʷṃtégʷémetegʷṃih₁tégʷṃté
3pl.gʷméndgʷémontigʷṃih₁éndgʷṃéntu
Stative, active
indicativesubjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.gʷegʷómh₂agʷegʷémoh₂gʷegʷṃyḗm—
2sg.gʷegʷómth₂agʷegʷémesigʷegʷṃyéh₁s???, gʷegʷṃdʰi
3sg.gʷegʷómegʷegʷémetigʷegʷṃyéh₁t???
1du.gʷegʷṃwégʷegʷémowosgʷegʷmih₁wé—
2du.????????????
3du.????????????
1pl.gʷegʷṃmégʷegʷémomosgʷegʷmih₁mé—
2pl.gʷegʷmégʷegʷémetegʷegʷmih₁té???
3pl.gʷegʷmḗrgʷegʷémontigʷegʷmih₁énd???

wéǵʰ- ‘transport (in a vehicle)’ simple thematic imperfective with s-perfective (wḗ/éǵʰ-s-)

Imperfective, active
1ary indic.2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.wéǵʰoh₂wéǵʰomwéǵʰōh₂wéǵʰoyh₁ṃ3—
2sg.wéǵʰesiwéǵʰeswéǵʰēsiwéǵʰoyswéǵʰe4
3sg.wéǵʰetiwéǵʰetwéǵʰētiwéǵʰoytwéǵʰetu
1du.wéǵʰowoswéǵʰowewéǵʰōwoswéǵʰoywe—
2du.wéǵʰeteswéǵʰetomwéǵʰēteswéǵʰoytomwéǵʰetom
3du.wéǵʰeteswéǵʰetāmwéǵʰēteswéǵʰoytāmwéǵʰetām
1pl.wéǵʰomoswéǵʰomewéǵʰōmoswéǵʰoyme—
2pl.wéǵʰetewéǵʰetewéǵʰētewéǵʰoytewéǵʰete
3pl.wéǵʰontiwéǵʰondwéǵʰōntiwéǵʰoyh₁endwéǵʰontu
Imperfective, mediopassive
1ary indic.2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.wéǵʰoh₂aywéǵʰoh₂awéǵʰōh₂aywéǵʰoyh₂a—
2sg.wéǵʰeth₂aywéǵʰeth₂awéǵʰēth₂aywéǵʰoyth₂a???
3sg.wéǵʰetoywéǵʰetowéǵʰētoywéǵʰoyto???
1du.wéǵʰowosdʰh₂wéǵʰowedʰh₂wéǵʰōwosdʰh₂wéǵʰoywedʰh₂—
2du.???????????????
3du.???????????????
1pl.wéǵʰomosdʰh₂wéǵʰomedʰh₂wéǵʰōmosdʰh₂wéǵʰoymedʰh₂—
2pl.wéǵʰedʰh₂uewéǵʰedʰh₂uewéǵʰēdʰh₂uewéǵʰoydʰh₂uewéǵʰedʰh₂ue
3pl.wéǵʰontoywéǵʰontowéǵʰōntoywéǵʰoyro???
Perfective, active
2ary indic.subjunctiveoptativeimperative
1sg.wḗǵʰsṃwéǵʰsoh₂wéǵʰsih₁ṃ—
2sg.wḗǵʰswéǵʰsesiwéǵʰsih₁swḗǵʰs
3sg.wḗǵʰstwéǵʰsetiwéǵʰsih₁twḗǵʰstu
1du.wéǵʰsuewéǵʰsowoswéǵʰsih₁we—
2du.wéǵʰstomwéǵʰseteswéǵʰsih₁tomwéǵʰstom
3du.wéǵʰstāmwéǵʰseteswéǵʰsih₁tāmwéǵʰstām
1pl.wéǵʰsṃewéǵʰsomoswéǵʰsih₁me—
2pl.wéǵʰstewéǵʰsetewéǵʰsih₁tewéǵʰste
3pl.wéǵʰsṇdwéǵʰsontiwéǵʰsih₁endwéǵʰsṇtu
Perfective, mediopassive

Since the s-perfective mediopassive was remodelled in every daughter, we can only guess that the conjugation had e-grade stems and the usual affixes.

tidy | en | sembr

Footnotes

  1. I am unsure as to the reason for lack of syllabification. ↩

  2. Apparent preserved archaism ↩

  3. Appears that primary PIE syllabification of sonorants occurs prior to PIE laryngeal deletion (thus putting the laryngeal in the terminal syllable with ṃ), but Siever’s law occurs after, exemplified by the entries below. ↩ ↩2

  4. Thematic stems don’t take emphatic ending? ↩ ↩2

  5. Stang’s law ↩

  6. Szemeŕenyi’s law ↩

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